| Vocabulary Words | Meanings |
|---|---|
| shorten | to make short or shorter, deprive, contract |
| shorthand | a quick way of writing down what is said |
| shot | small bullets for a shotgun |
| shoulder | the joint between you arm and body |
| shout | to speak or call out very loudly |
| shove | to push roughly |
| shovel | a tool like a spade, but wider |
| show | to point out; to guide. The same word also means a spectacle |
| shower | a sudden brief fall of rain, sleet or snow. The same word also means a bath in which you stand up and water sprays all over you |
| shred | a scarp or strip torn off something |
| shrick | high-pitched scream; a shrill laugh |
| shrill | high-pitched and piercing to the ears |
| shrink | to become less or smaller. Some kinds of cloth shrink when they have been washed |
| shrivel | to dry up and become smaller. A raisin is a shrivelled grape |
| shrub | a small woody plant that does not grow very tall; a bush |
| shudder | to shiver or tremble with fear or disgust |
| shuffle | to move your feet along without lifting them. The same word also means to mix a pack of cards before playing a game |
| shunt | to move railway carriages and wagons from one track to another |
| shut | closed, not open |
| shutter | a wooden cover for a window, used to keep heat and light out in day time, and to keep burglars out at night |
| shuttlecock | a toy made of feathers stuck in a cork, used in the game of badminton |
| shy | not wanting to be with lots of other people |
| sick | ill, not well |
| side | the broad or long surface of a body, a direction |
| sideboard | a large, heavy piece of furniture like a cupboard, where dishes, table linen and cutlery are kept |
| siege | an attempt to capture a town or fort by surrounding it so that help cannot reach it |
| sieve | a container with many small holes, used to separate large and small lumps of soil, grain or food |
| sift | to separate grains or powder from larger lumps by means of a sieve |
| sigh | to breathe out heavily when you are tired or sad |
| signal | a message sent by signs |
| signatory | one who signs |
| silence | absence of mention, to put to silence, to quiet |
| silent | not making a sound |
| silk | very fine smooth cloth made from threads that silkworms spin |
| silkworm | a caterpillar that spins silk threads |
| sill | the wooden or stone ledge at the bottom of a door or window |
| silly | not clever; not thinking carefully |
| silver | a shiny greyish-white metal. Money, knives, forks and spoons are sometimes made of silver. The same word also means the colour of the metal |
| similar | like, or almost like something else |
| simple | easy, not difficult. The same word also means foolish, not very clever |
| since | from a certain time until now, as when you say you have nothing to eat since breakfast |
| sincere | honest; meaning what you say |
| sing | to make music with your voice |
| singe | (say sinj) to burn slightly, to scorch |
| single | only one. The same word also means not married |
| singular | one only, not plural. The same word also means not married |
| sink | a place in the kitchen where there is running water for washing dishes and preparing vegetables. The same word also means to go under the water |
| sip | to drink something a little bit at a time |
| siren | a hooter or whistle that makes a loud, wailing noise |
| sister | a daughter of the same parents |
Non-defining relative clause
Non-defining relative clauses are placed after nouns which are definite already.
The adjective clause which does not define the noun before it but gives additional information about the noun is called the non-defining relative clause.