| Vocabulary Words | Meanings |
|---|---|
| penalise | to punish in finances |
| penalty | a punishment for breaking a rule |
| pence | more than one penny |
| pencil | a thin tool for writing and drawing. It is made of wood with a stick of black or coloured material in the middle |
| pendulum | a weight on the end of a rod that swings from side to side as in a clock |
| penguin | a web-footed swimming bird that lives near the South pole. It has short legs and wings but cannot fly |
| penknife | a small knife that you can carry in your pocket |
| penney | a piece of money |
| people | men, women, boys and girls |
| pepper | a spicy powder used to flavour food. It tastes hot, and can make you sneeze if you breathe it in. The same word also means a bright green or red vegetable that grows in hot countries |
| peppermint | a green plant used for flavouring sauces, drinks and sweets |
| perch | something a bird sits or stands on, like a stick or twig |
| percussion | all those musical instruments, such as a drum or cymbals, that are banged or struck without any faults or mistakes |
| perfect | to do or act; to play a part on the stage or to play a musical instrument |
| perform | an act: a play or other entertainment |
| perish | long-lasting, not ever changing. A perm, a short word for permanent wave, keeps hair curly |
| permanent | for a long time |
| permission | freedom given to do or have something |
| permissive | allowing, that grants liberty or permission |
| permit | to allow; to give permission |
| permit | persist |
| persist | to keep on trying to do something or asking for something |
| person | a man or woman |
| personal | belonging to one person |
| perspire | to give off sweat from your skin when you are very hot |
| persuade | to talk someone into doing something, even if he does not want to |
| pest | something or someone that makes difficulties for others; a nuisance |
| pet | an animal that is kept at home; not wild. Dogs and cats are pets |
| petal | the part of a flower that grows out from the middle |
| petrel | a small seabird with long wings |
| petrol | a liquid made from petroleum; used to make motor engines work |
| petticoat | a skirt worn under dresses by girls and women |
| petty | small; unimportant |
| pew | a long wooden bench with a back, for people to sit on in church |
| pheasant | a bird, usually wild, with beautiful long tail feathers |
| phone | short for telephone |
| photograph | a picture taken with a camera |
| photographic | the same pertaining to photography |
| phrase | a group of words, usually part of a sentence |
| physical | to do with nature or with the body. Physical Education (P.E.) exercises your muscles |
| piano | a large musical instrument with a keyboard |
| pick | to choose; together. The same word also means a sharp tool used to break rock or hard ground. |
| pickle | to keep in vinegar cooked vegetables like beetroot and cucumbers |
| picnic | a meal eaten in the open air way from home |
| picture | a drawing, painting or photograph |
| picturize | to draw picture or elaborate lucidly and convincingly |
| pie | food made of pastry outside, and filled with fruit or meat |
| piece | a part or bit of something, but not all of it, like a piece of pie. The word also means one of something, like a piece of paper |
| pier | a platform of stone, wood or metal, that reaches out over the water so that ships and boats can stop at the end of it |
| pierce | to make a hole with something sharp |
Non-defining relative clause
Non-defining relative clauses are placed after nouns which are definite already.
The adjective clause which does not define the noun before it but gives additional information about the noun is called the non-defining relative clause.